From the early days of quantum mechanics, scientists have thought that all particles can be categorized into one of two groups — bosons or fermions — based on their behavior. “We determined that new ...

Here’s what you’ll learn when reading this story: When you drill down into the very fabric of reality—where elementary particles make up the matter that is you and me and everything around us in three ...

The particles that are in an atom: protons, neutrons and electrons The particles that are in protons and neutrons: quarks The four fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetism, the strong force and ...

In A Nutshell Scientists discovered a previously unknown form of mixing that occurs when large groups of dense particles ...

Although plastic particles in the air are increasingly coming into focus, knowledge about their distribution and effects is still limited. Chemical analyses from Leipzig now provide details from ...

In physics, there are two great pillars of thought that don't quite fit together. The Standard Model of particle physics describes all known fundamental particles and three forces: electromagnetism, ...

Particle size has long been a key method for characterization. Most particle size measurement techniques are indirect and assume that all measured particles are round when providing size results.